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Declaration of Independence Annapolis 1786 Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 39 Federalist No. 42 Federalist No. 43
Federalist No. 45 Federalist No. 49 Federalist No. 85 James Madison
June 6,
1787
James Wilson
1790-1791
Gettysburg Address
Preamble Article I
Section 1
Article I
Section 2
Article I Section 3 Clause 6 Article I Section 8 Clause 18 Article I Section 10 Clause 3
Article IV Article V Article VII Amendment I Amendment X Extracts from State Constitutions
Ludlow 1938 Koupal 1977 Hoekstra 1994 Canady-Bliley 1998 PST&T v Oregon 1912 Cooley - People's Sovereignty
Wisconsin Application 1911 Apply by Initiative for Convention  Ratification by State Referenda Mullen v Howell 1919 Herbring v Brown 1919 Maine Opinion of the Justices 1919
Hawke v Smith 1920 Eisenhower  1961 Term Limits v Thornton 1995 Philadelphia II v. Gregoire 1996 Line Item Veto Clinton v NY 1998 CRS Report Durbin May, 1995
Cities with Initiatives States with Initiatives States with Referendums Public Support for Initiatives California Citizens' Assembly How Democratic Was Athens?
E-voting and Elections Contingency Initiative Estimate Reelection  Quotations Athenian Constitution  

 

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PREAMBLE TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

Preamble

We the People(1) of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare(2), and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.


Notes:

  1. The Preamble declares that: "We the People of the United States .... do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America." The meaning is clear that all authority originates from the People.

  2. The meaning of the word Welfare in the Constitution is different from its current usage. The constitutional meaning of welfare is: 1. health, happiness, or prosperity; well-being. [<ME wel faren, to fare well]

    Welfare in today's context also means organized efforts on the part of public or private organizations to benefit the poor, or simply public assistance. This is not the meaning of the word as used in the Constitution.

    For clarity and simplicity, the word "well-being" is generally used in place of "Welfare" in this web site.

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 February 01, 2012