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Declaration of Independence Annapolis 1786 Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 39 Federalist No. 42 Federalist No. 43
Federalist No. 45 Federalist No. 49 Federalist No. 85 James Madison
June 6,
1787
James Wilson
1790-1791
Gettysburg Address
Preamble Article I
Section 1
Article I
Section 2
Article I Section 3 Clause 6 Article I Section 8 Clause 18 Article I Section 10 Clause 3
Article IV Article V Article VII Amendment I Amendment X Extracts from State Constitutions
Ludlow 1938 Koupal 1977 Hoekstra 1994 Canady-Bliley 1998 PST&T v Oregon 1912 Cooley - People's Sovereignty
Wisconsin Application 1911 Apply by Initiative for Convention  Ratification by State Referenda Mullen v Howell 1919 Herbring v Brown 1919 Maine Opinion of the Justices 1919
Hawke v Smith 1920 Eisenhower  1961 Term Limits v Thornton 1995 Philadelphia II v. Gregoire 1996 Line Item Veto Clinton v NY 1998 CRS Report Durbin May, 1995
Cities with Initiatives States with Initiatives States with Referendums Public Support for Initiatives California Citizens' Assembly How Democratic Was Athens?
E-voting and Elections Contingency Initiative Estimate Reelection  Quotations Athenian Constitution  

 

States with Initiatives

     
DIRECT INITIATIVES INDIRECT
STATE STATUTE CONSTITUTIONAL INITIATIVES
Alaska     X
Arizona X X  
Arkansas X X  
California X X  
Colorado X X  
Florida   X  
Idaho X    
Illinois   X  
Maine     X
Massachusetts     X
Michigan   X X
Mississippi     X
Missouri X X  
Montana X X  
Nebraska X X  
Nevada   X X
North Dakota X X  
Ohio   X X
Oklahoma X X  
Oregon X X  
South Dakota X X  
Utah X   X
Washington X   X
Wyoming     X
24 14 +5 +5
     
In addition, three states, Kentucky, Maryland, and New Mexico have Popular Referenda
Source of Data:
Initiatives & Referendum Institute
     
States without initiatives but with referendums

Notes:

  1. X indicates availability of that initiative process in the State

  2. Colors show how the number of states add to 24, though some States may chose to use one or another type of initiative.

  3. The State statutory direct initiatives will probably be most useful to pass State endorsement-in-principle of the Planned U.S. Constitutional Amendment. However, in States with no statutory direct initiative, then a constitutional direct initiative or an indirect initiative can be used to advance the issue.

  4. Connecticut Proposed Senate Joint Resolutions Nos. 5 (LCO# 2) introduced by Sen. Gunther, January Session, 2005 proposing a State constitutional amendment might make Connecticut a 25th State with initiatives and the 15th with direct initiatives.

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 February 01, 2012